People say that Dr. Edward O. Thorp wrote the book on blackjack, and it is no exaggeration. Back in 1962, when nearly everybody thought that blackjack was a game of luck, the university professor used computers to devise a system for uncovering mathematical advantages at the table. Appropriately titled Beat the Dealer, Thorp’s bestseller laid out a card counting system that remains in use today – and is  still used for winning, much to the chagrin of casino bosses.

Along the way, Thorp built up a considerable library of resource books that address everything from casino games to horse racing. Having recently become enamored with the Blackjack Ball – an invite-only, secret gathering of advantage players, held annually in Las Vegas and sponsored by Barona Resort and Casino – Thorp graciously donated his gambling library to the Ball’s founder Max Rubin. In order to raise money for future Balls, Rubin plans on slowly auctioning off the contents from Thorp’s reading room.

At the most recent Blackjack Ball, held this past February, five of the precious titles went to the highest bidders. “Some of the books have candid comments that I made for myself,” says Thorp, who surely had something to write in the margins of The Weekend Gambler’s Handbook, by Major Arteburn Riddle, owner of the Dunes who was more interested in beating suckers than in educating them. “I once met with Major Riddle in Chicago and he wanted to do a blackjack freeze-out with me versus his casino.”

Remembering that they convened in a hotel room and that Riddle was bereft of pants and “wearing boxer shorts that were not particularly closed,” Thorp says that the challenge initially seemed like it could be a good spot for him. “I said I would do it but I have conditions,” Thorp continues. “I said that the dealer would need to wear short sleeves [to minimize opportunities for him to cheat]. Riddle said no to that. I also wanted to videotape the action so that I could detect cheating activity that you can’t spot in the moment. He said no to that as well. Then he wanted me to play for 30 days, to sit around for a month while I tried to win $100,000. It wasn’t worth it for me.”

Just that decision alone gives an idea as to how much Thorp was able to extract from the casinos. Always an independent thinker, he devised his card-counting system over the course of a summer by using room-sized computers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  By the time his technique was perfected, Thorp was broke. So he found a pair of backers and put his card counting system into action. “We won $11,000 on the first trip,” Thorp remembers. “Over [the course of] three years I won a quarter of a million dollars but it was shared [between Thorp and his backers].”

Despite the financial upside, Thorp had a bigger idea in mind. Without telling anyone, he secretly worked on the book that would become Beat The Dealer. Then he encountered a salesman from a subsidiary of the major publishing firm Random House. “He heard about what I was doing with card counting and said that I ought to write a book,” continues Thorp. “I handed him 10 chapter-headings  and the book was bought immediately. I wrote it in six months and thought up the title, Beat The Dealer. The book came out and nothing much happened with it in terms of sales.”

Then publicity was generated through articles about Thorp in Sports Illustrated and Life magazine. “At that point, it got kicked onto the bestseller list,” Thorp says, adding that he stopped gambling soon after. “I could have made more money playing blackjack [than writing a book about it]. But I didn’t want that life. My goal was to be an academic who talked to smart people and enjoyed himself. The grind was something that I had no interest in.”

But he has plenty of well-worn books on the topic. Other titles that hit the Blackjack Ball auction-block included an influential, seminal, blackjack tome called Turning the Tables on Las Vegas by the pseudonymous Ian Anderson. It had been signed to Thorp. At the spectrum’s opposite end: the questionable playing live blackjack as a Business by Lawrence Revere. It generated sharp rebukes from the card counting master. “Revere says that you can get a 3.5 percent advantage by not moving your bet,” says Rubin, revealing advice that is patently untrue. “On the page, Ed wrote, ‘Baloney!’ He added ditto, wherever Revere made similar claims.”

Anyone who questions Thorp’s authority on such matters only needs to hear him recall the way that losing casinos pushed back at him as soon as it became clear that he could play games with unassailable advantages. “At one casino, they kept trying to bring me liquor and I asked for coffee with cream and sugar,” says  Thorp. After finally getting what he wanted, Thorp  drank the coffee “and all of a sudden I couldn’t count anymore. My pupils were huge. The next night, they brought me a glass of water. I put a drop on my tongue and, again, I could not count. If I drank the entire glass, you would not be talking to me right now.” Casino managers were so desperate to get rid of Thorp and his winning strategies that they resorted to drugging him.

Thorp’s playing days are long behind him – as chronicled in his fantastic memoir, A Man for All Markets, he’s successfully beaten the world’s biggest casino, Wall Street, by expanding on gaming theories and applying them to the more lucrative trading of securities – but he  looks forward to attending the Blackjack Ball each year. As is appropriate, Thorp gets fawned over like a rock star, but the appeal of the Ball goes far beyond an ego boost. “I go there to interact with very interesting people from inside the gambling world,” says Thorp. “One thing I like is being able to see that the seed I planted with Beat the Dealer has helped a lot of people to get wealthy and have rewarding careers. I did not expect that to happen.”

While he enjoys being brought up to speed on the state of the game – “There was talk of a side bet in an East Coast casino that players took advantage of; they won a few million dollars;  hearing about that was a highlight” – on at least one recent occasion, during Blackjack Ball weekend, Thorp’s relationship with casino gambling went beyond the talking stage. It happened after he met MIT blackjack team pioneer John Chang and a couple others for lunch in a Strip casino. 

They wanted to a take a photo alongside a blackjack table but an employee told the group that photos are not allowed. “So we wound up playing a little bit,” Thorp says, remembering that it was his first time in action for decades (Chang was tickled by the experience). “I had no cash with me, John loaned me a little bit to play with and we wound up winning $3,000 or $4,000. Then we stepped out of the pit and took a picture anyway. The casino could have saved itself some money.”

Fortunately for gaming executives, there is no chance of Thorp getting serious about blackjack again and committing himself to hauling serious cash from their coffers. “When I first started playing, it was fascinating,” he explains. “Then it became work and it turned into a grind. At that point, I moved on and now casino gambling is too small scale. I’d have to work hard to make a few-million a year. It’s not worth my time.”

As promised, at the end of this article you will find the questions with answers to the challenging 21-question test given to the elite blackjack pros at the 2019 Blackjack Ball. Give yourself one point for each correct answer. (If you got 15 or more correct, you did better than all the blackjack pros that took the test.) 

(Note: Several active players listed below used pseudonyms to protect their identity.)

Out of a possible 21 correct answers, the players with the most correct answers were:

•    Andy Bloch (14)
•    Big Player (13)
•    Gemlo (13)
•    Arnold Snyder  (12)
•    Tony S (12)
•    John B (12) 
•    Robert Nersesian  (12)

Because four players tied for fourth place, a tie-breaker question was implemented to eliminate two of them. (Only five can advance to the next round of the competition.)
The tie-breaker question was:
“Name a casino that used to be in the Las Vegas area, but isn’t here anymore.”

The four contestants kept naming casinos and were disqualified if they either couldn’t come up with a name of a casino, or repeated the name of a casino, or named an incorrect casino. The two contestants that were eliminated as a result of the tie-breaker were Gemlo and Arnold Snyder. This left five finalists who advanced to Round One of the table competition. (This was conducted on a live blackjack table with Munchkin dealing the cards.) The five finalists were:
•    Andy Bloch
•    Big Player
•    Tony S
•    Gemlo 
•    Robert Nersesian

ROUND #1

The five finalists were given 10 seconds to estimate a stack of cards that Munchkin had placed in a discard tray, and then write their estimate on a piece of paper. The player that was furthest from the correct number of cards in the stack was eliminated. There were 166 cards in the stack; Big Player estimated 196, which was the furthest, and he was eliminated. 

ROUND #2

Four finalists were left: Andy Bloch, Tony S, Gemlo, and Robert Nersesian. They were each given a single-deck of cards to cut with a cut card, and they had to cut at least 10 cards.  There was a six of spades on the bottom of each deck. After they cut, they had to state how many hands Munchkin should deal so the 6 of spades landed face down in dealer’s hand. If one finalist cut the six of spades to the dealer’s hand, that is a perfect score.  Whoever is closest wins. If they tie, they cut again. Andy Bloch cut the 6 of clubs furthest away and was eliminated. 

ROUND #3

James Grosjean constructed a board that had 12 one-inch squares that were cut from the center of all twelve picture cards (see photo). Each player had 90 seconds to determine the suit and rank of each square.  Points were given for the correct rank and suit. Gemlo had the lowest point total and was eliminated. 

ROUND #4

At this junction, there were two finalists left: Robert Nersesian (an attorney for advantage players) and professional blackjack and poker player Tony S.  Munchkin placed a shuffled, double-deck of playing cards in front of each contestant and randomly removed three cards from each double-deck.  Each finalist had to state what counting system he was going to use to count down his decks. On Munchkin’s go, each contestant counted his decks as rapidly as possible and then slammed them face down on the layout. The player who was the slowest at counting down his decks had to first state what the three cards were that Munchkin had removed (a high card, low card, or neutral card). As expected, Nersesian was the slowest at counting down his decks, therefore, he went first, and he incorrectly identified what his three unseen cards were, and was therefore, eliminated, leaving Tony S as the winner of this year’s “The World’s Greatest Blackjack Player” competition. (Note: Nersesian miscounted his decks, which made it impossible for him to correctly identify what the three unseen cards were. Tony S, meanwhile, had rapidly counted his double decks twice before Nersesian finished doing it once, and correctly stated what his three unseen cards were, even though he didn’t have to.) 

TONY S BACKGROUND

After Tony won the competition at the Blackjack Ball, I had the opportunity to do a phone interview with him. Tony was attending MIT in the mid-1990s, and while walking the halls of the academic building, he spotted a poster that was recruiting students for a part-time summer job playing blackjack. He signed up, learned card-counting, and had a profitable summer playing on a card-counting team, albeit for low stakes ($50 units). Afterwards, he joined one of the main MIT blackjack teams that were playing for higher stakes. After a few years with the MIT team, Tony joined the “Greeks” team. He was living in Lake Tahoe at the time but the team was not based there; therefore, he traveled all over the country playing with them. Besides playing blackjack professionally, he also played poker and won $330,000 in the main event of the World Series of Poker.  Tony worked on Wall Street for nine months, and since then, his sole source of income has been from his blackjack and poker winnings. He currently enjoys skiing, training players on the nuances of team blackjack play,and investing in blackjack teams, the stock market, and a rental (business) property in San Francisco.

As promised, below are the 21 test questions with answers. (So, how many did you get correct?)

2019 BLACKJACK BALL: TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

(Max Rubin’s answers are in red type below each question. Thank you again, Max, for allowing me to publish the questions and answers. )
.
1. True or False? Edmond Hoyle was born in 1672, lived 96 years and never wrote about poker, yet he is in the Poker Hall of Fame. 
True. Although Hoyle never played nor wrote about poker as it existed in the past 75 years, he is in the Poker Hall of Fame. He didn’t even coin the phrase, “According to Hoyle,” which is widely attributed to another gambling writer.

2. For you Vegas history and golf buffs, which of these world famous hotel casinos NEVER had their own golf course adjacent to, or within a few hundred feet of, their hotel/casino? This question does not include miniature golf courses.  
a.    Tropicana
b.    Dunes
c.    Aladdin
d.    Desert Inn
e.    Hacienda
f.    All of the above hotels/casinos once featured a golf course as part of their amenities.  

Almost everybody knows the Trop, Dunes, and DI had golf courses right outside their rooms. And one joint (the Aladdin) had a lighted par-three course right behind the casino in the ’60s and early ’70s. The only casino on our list that didn’t have a golf course was the Hacienda (answer e).   

3. You’re betting $100 on the pass line with max odds of 3-4-5. You roll a number, take max odds, and then hit that number. How much did you get paid in total? 

You got paid $100 for your flat bet, and another $600 for your odds bet, whether you backed up your bet with $300 on the 4/10, $400 on the 5/9 or $500 on the 6/8, for a total win of $700. 

4. True or False?  Although you can find them in almost every casino except Barona, and they even outnumber the number of full-pay 21 games, pitch or shoe, on the Las Vegas Strip, the Current Blackjack News now considers 6/5 as just another of many “carnival games,” and no longer even bothers to include them in its extensive list of blackjack games in U.S. and Canadian casinos.     

True. This one is beyond strange but there are now so many 6/5’s across the land, CBJN doesn’t even bother to list them as blackjack games at all. 

5. What team has won the most NCAA football titles? 
a)    Harvard
b)    Yale
c)    Notre Dame
d)    Ohio State
e)    Alabama
f)    None of the above

Founded in 1910 by Teddy Roosevelt, and others, to address the alarming number of deaths on the football field, Alabama is the number two leader among championship winners with 11. The most successful NCAA football program of all time belongs to the Yale Bulldogs, with 18 NCAA football championships, so the answer to #5 is (b) 

6. The former owner (Mr. Riklis) of the Riviera Hotel and Casino recently passed at age 95. He had a beautiful, and sort of talented, wife who was a singer and actress. In 1981, she won the Golden Globe Award as “New Star of the Year,” for her role in the movie “Butterfly,” which Mr. Riklis personally financed.  She also “won” the “Razzy Award” for “Worst Actress of the Year” for the same film. Some claimed that Mr. R. gaffed the votes by hosting comped RFB press junkets for the Golden Globe voters at his hotel on the Strip. Name his multi-untalented wife, who has never stopped attempting to be a movie and recording star, and who still has regular performances at Piero’s (Italian Cuisine) on Convention Center Drive. (Mrs. Riklis does not count.) 

Her name is Pia Zadora and she still performs regularly at Piero’s (Italian Cuisine) on Convention Center Drive.  

7. True or False? The Excalibur has dozens of live blackjack games. None of them pay 3/2 on blackjacks. 

This one’s close but the Excalibur now has a grand total of two 8-deck, 0.66 (house edge), full-pay blackjack games. And even those are closed when it’s not busy, which is kinda hard to tell. So, the answer to #7 is False; the Excalibur does have two full-pay games.  

8. This question comes from James Grosjean. Which of the following is NOT a legal way for a teenager to gamble in North America?
a)    Legally betting real money on Bingo at the age of 16. 
b)    Horse betting over the internet at the age of 18.  
c)    Playing blackjack at certain casinos in Oklahoma at 18.
d)    Slug down a cocktail while playing any game they like at the age of only 18 at the casino in Quebec. 
e)    All of these forms of teenage gambling are legal in North America right now.
f)    None of these specifically mentioned methods of teenage gambling legally exist in North America today.  

Yep, they’re starting them young these days and right now a 16-year old can blow all his money playing bingo, an 18-year-old horse bettor could squander her college savings on the internet, a  high schooler fixin’ to graduate can play free blackjack all over Oklahoma, and a couple of 18-year-old kids could go on a runner in Quebec and play every table and machine game in the house as soon as they both hit 18, too. 
So the answer to #8 is (e).Teenagers can now play all of those forms of legal, teenage gambling. And they would … if they had any money.  

9. Donald Trump is the 45th American president. Express the number forty-five in roman numerals. 

Answer is XLV.  This is not trivial; many will say VL but there is no such Roman numeral. 

10. True or False? This comes from the world of entertainment. Ms. Gladys Knight, who recently sang the Star Spangled Banner at the 2019 Super Bowl, began her professional career singing with the Pips in 1952.  

Gladys was born in 1944 and began singing professionally with her fellow Pips, her brother, and two cousins. She began her professional singing career with them when she was only eight years old. The answer to #10 is True. 

11. In a National Basketball Association game, with 0.2 seconds left, the ball is out-of-bounds in possession of the team trailing by 2 points. The inbounding player throws the ball directly at the basket … and the ball would indeed have gone in except one of the in-bounder’s teammates gently touches the ball when it is directly above the basket, 12 inches from going in. The teammate guides the ball into the basket. What happens?
a.    The inbounding team scores three points and wins the game.
b.    The inbounding team scores two points and sends the game into overtime.
c.    The inbounding team is guilty of offensive goal-tending, which causes them to lose possession and the game.
d.    0.2 seconds is not enough time for any of this to happen, so time runs out before any points are scored or there’s a change in possession. The inbounding team loses.

Offensive goal-tending only occurs when the shot originated within the field of play. Since this “shot” originated from out-of-bounds, offensive goal tending could not have happened. 

Although the play originally began beyond the three-point-line, the fact that the ball was touched directly above the basket turns this into a two-point play.

The clock doesn’t start until the ball is touched by a player within the field of play, which in this case happened when the ball was one foot above the basket headed downward. 
Also, 0.2 seconds is plenty of time for the basket to be made before the clock runs out. Therefore, the answer to #11 is (b) and the game goes to overtime. 

12. Dixie State University is located in one of the few states where there are still no legal blackjack games. Name that state. 

Dixie State University is located in the beautiful town of Cedar City, Utah.  The answer to 12 is Utah. 

13.  True or False? According to the Nevada Gaming Abstract, Nevada’s statewide gaming revenue grew in 2018 and 2017. 

Nevada’s gross gaming revenue grew in both 2017 and 2018 so the answer to #13 is True.

14. When a Major League team invokes the “Baseball Rule” in a court case, which of the following is possibly being argued?
a.    Throwing cups of beer at opposing pitchers warming up in the bullpen is okay so long as it’s less than three ounces of liquid, but throwing beer bottles is never allowed.
b.    If two fans are making out in the stands and a foul ball hits one or both of them, the teams are not liable. 
c.    Pete Rose is not allowed into the Hall of Fame until the commissioner says so.
d.    Team security officers are allowed to tackle male streakers but not female streakers.

Answer is (b).

15. Within three years, name the year that the first street in Las Vegas was paved. Hint: It was hot. 

Fremont Street was the first street to be paved in Las Vegas in 1931. 

16. True or False? MGM/Mirage is the only casino corporation included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. 

Sorry folks, but there are NO casino companies listed as part of the Dow Jones Industrial average; therefore, the answer to #16 is False. 

17. Not that he needs it, but we finally have a question where Zeljko, and any other Aussies present, have a home-court advantage:
“Waltzing Matilda” is the unofficial anthem of Australia. What is that song about?
a.    Dancing with a pretty girl.
b.    Dancing with an ugly girl.
c.    Training a kangaroo to box.
d.    Poaching an animal at a watering hole.
e.    Dancing with a man, but you’re a prospector and really lonely in the outback, so it doesn’t mean anything. Really.
f.    Skinny dipping in a billabong.
Answer is d.

18. Fill in the blank. Spell “Caesars Palace” — include any punctuation, if any. Remember, any crossing out disqualifies your test.  

CAESARS PALACE.  It can be in all caps or with just the First C and the P capitalized in order to be scored as correct.  

19. True or False? On the front cover of the dust jacket of Dr. Ed Thorp’s first printing of Beat the Dealer (1962), it states that Dr. Thorp had developed — and I specifically quote — “a  scientific analysis of the world-wide game known variously as Black Jack (two separate words), Twenty One (two separate words), Vingt-et-un (three hyphenated words), Pontoon, or Van John.”  

Hard to believe, but way back when Dr. Thorp figured out how to beat the game we love, the single word “blackjack” was two words, Twenty One was spelled out in two words, and it was also known by its French name, as well as Pontoon and Van John … and I have no idea where that one came from. I suspect the artists who produced the cover took some artistic liberties, but here it is (show cover of book) in red, white, black, and blue, so there’s no disputing that the answer to #19 is actually True. 

20. Assuming that you’re playing blackjack basic strategy, the dealer stands on soft 17 with an infinite deck, which of the following hands gives you the greatest E.V.?   
a.    20 versus an A (after the dealer peeks)
b.    11 versus a 5 
c.    A-A versus a 4
d.    10-9 versus an 8  

20 v Ace is 0.655; 11 v 5 is 0.614; A-A v 4 is 0.566; and 19 v 8 is 0.594
Correct answer is (a).

21. Only in Las Vegas. Beginning in 1951, the U.S. government began having above ground nuclear tests visible to the public at the Nevada Test site some 65 miles northwest of downtown.  Vegas soon jumped on the bandwagon; named a Miss Atomic Bomb; and began hosting viewing events, both on the mountainsides with close-up views of the entire bomb sites, and from observation parties held on the roofs of casinos, until the above-ground atomic explosions were finally stopped.      
Within two years, when did America stop blowing up nuclear warheads above the ground outside of Las Vegas?
The government didn’t stop underground nuclear bombing tests outside of Vegas until 1992, but stopped above-ground tests 30 years earlier. So the answer to #21 is anything from 1960 to 1964.

ISLE OF MAN – Microgaming announces its casino content is now live with 888 Casino, one of the world’s most popular online gaming entertainment and solutions providers.

The milestone agreement enables 888 Casino to expand upon its current casino offering and access Microgaming’s award-winning portfolio of games, including branded titles such as Jurassic World™ and Game of Thrones™, as well as hundreds of Casino in Bingo (CiB) side games. 

888 Casino has been at the forefront of the online gaming industry for over 20 years, providing players with innovative, world-class gaming solutions. With headquarters and main operations in Gibraltar, 888 Casino has licences in multiple regulated jurisdictions, including Denmark, Italy, Spain and the UK. 

Players on 888 Casino are now able to enjoy a wealth of engaging and compelling casino games from Microgaming and also benefit from access to the world’s largest progressive jackpot network, which has paid out more than €1 billion to date. 

The product rollout will commence in the UK, with further regulated markets, including Denmark and Sweden, to follow.

John Coleman, Chief Executive Officer at Microgaming, comments: “We are thrilled to welcome 888 Casino, a major player in the industry, to our ever growing customer base. I am confident that this will be the start of a positive strategic relationship which will further strengthen the Microgaming brand across Europe, and I look forward to providing 888 with even more of our innovative, popular content in the coming months.”
 
Guy Cohen, SVP Head of B2C at 888 Holdings, adds: “888 Casino’s mission is to always exceed its customers’ expectations and provide the most enjoyable online gaming experience possible and this exciting deal takes our casino offering to the next level. Microgaming has a proven track record in delivering high quality gaming products; this deal will enable us to raise our position of offering the most engaging and interactive casino content alongside our existing portfolio of games.” 

About Microgaming (microgaming.co.uk) 
Microgaming developed the first true online casino in 1994. It has been breaking records, breaking new ground and breaking its back in pursuit of original gaming ever since. Developer of thousands of unique, genre-defining casino, mobile, poker, bingo, land-based and multiplayer games, and a pioneer in virtual and wearable gaming, the software giant hosts the world’s largest progressive jackpot network. Its products include Live Dealer, Sportsbook, Business Solutions and Quickfire. Microgaming is an award winner. A millionaire maker. The father of player protection and responsible gaming. And through Microgaming PlayItForward, it is a pillar of its local community on the Isle of Man.

Slots have higher house edges than many table games. In most offline casinos; 1-cent slots have payback percentages of less than 90 percent which translates to a 10 percent house edge. Online returns often – but not always – are higher, but even a 95-percent return is a 5 percent house edge that is larger than the 2 percent on the Three Card Poker ante-play option, the 1.41 percent on the craps pass line, or the less than 1 percent on blackjack for basic strategy players.

Yet slots draw millions of players every day. They are the most popular games in American offline casinos and have become mega-hits online, too.

Why? The reasons are many and varied.

1. ANYBODY CAN PLAY

In offline casinos, table games usually take at least $5 minimum bets even in the cheap seats. Some casinos start their tables at $10 and at busy times can jack that up to $25 or more.

An online casino can offer lower minimum bets because they don’t have the physical space crunch offline casinos deal with, but still usually have higher minimum bets on table games than on slots.

The most common denomination for slot machines is 1 cent. Even with multiple paylines, you can play for 30 or 40 cents per spin.

You can give yourself a good run on a penny slot for $20, which represents 66-plus spins at 30 cents each. At a $5 blackjack table, $20 could be gone in four hands.

Slots move faster than tables, especially offline, but even so, if you’re limited to a few $20 bills instead of a few $100s for an afternoon of fun, the slots give you more opportunity.

 

2. VARIETY IS THE SPICE OF LIFE

Whether online or offline, casinos have dozens, and sometimes hundreds, of different slot machines.

Not in the mood for Wheel of Fortune today? Then go for a spin around the Monopoly board, try for a King Kong-sized jackpot or keep an eye out for the Dinosaur Stampede.

Each comes with its own gameplay and bonus events, so every slot machine is a different experience.

Slot manufacturers are constantly at work, designing new ways to involve you in the games. 

We’ve seen games with single progressive jackpots that can change your lifestyle, and games with multiple progressives with up to 12 levels, ranging from a few dollars to millions.

We’ve seen games where you select icons to reveal bonus prizes, games where you hunt for aliens, games where you build a payoff meal from a restaurant menu, and games that put you in the cockpit of a fighter jet.

We’ve seen games with free spins events that limit the reel symbols to high-payers, or add wild symbols to the normal reel set, or have expanding wilds that can fill a whole column.

We’ve seen prize wheels where you can win credits, extra bonus rounds or even top jackpots.

The main constant in slot machines is that change is on the way to give you a novel playing experience whenever you want it.

3. THERE IS NO LEARNING CURVE

If you want to know how to play blackjack well and get the best odds, you need time and practice to study basic strategy. If you want to know how to play craps well and get the best odds, you need to learn the ins and outs of the dozens of bets on the layout.

On slot machines, the odds are the same for everyone. 

There are no strategies to learn. Everybody plays the same way: Make your bet and spin the wheels.

On some older three-reel games, you get a higher payback percentage when you bet maximum coins because there is a disproportionate jump in the top jackpot for max bettors.

That’s as complicated as it gets on the slots. 

The best strategy? Choose the games you enjoy playing, have fun in the good times and set limits on your losses when they come.

4. THERE’S NO HASSLE FROM OTHER PLAYERS

You’re on your own on slot machines. Your play doesn’t affect the wins and losses of other players.

Compare that to the blackjack experience where players sometimes are hassled for making a misplay or sometimes even for making a correct play if someone else thinks it cost him money.

Here’s an example: If a player has a 12 and the dealer’s face up card is a 2, the blackjack strategy is for the player to take a hit. But sometimes the player will bust by drawing a 10, and if it turns out that 10 would have busted the dealer, other players have been known to shout at the player, blaming him for their losses because he “took the dealer’s bust card.”

Who needs that kind of grief?

On the slots, your pushing the button, touching the screen or, rarely, pulling the handle doesn’t do anything to change someone else’s results. 

Slots can be a social experience if you choose. A few games are designed as “community-style slots,” where multiple players go to a bonus event at the same time. But even there, there are no mistakes for you to make that could cost other players their bets and lead to a tirade.

 

 

 

5. JACKPOTS

On live casino table games, no one bet is going to make you rich. A winning $5 blackjack bet pays $5, unless you get a two-card 21 that usually pays $7.50. A big winner at Three Card Poker, a straight flush, wins $200 for a $5 bet. A winning $5 single-number at roulette pays $175.

On slots, it seems the sky is the limit. Even a 30-cent bet can win thousands of dollars on some progressive machines. On dollar machines, with a $3 maximum bets, jackpots in the tens of millions of dollars have been awarded. Online, a bet as small as 25 cents has won $20 million.

OK, the supersized jackpots are extremely rare. But alongside the million-dollar dreams are games that pay jackpots in the thousands every day. 

The odds are against you each time and the house makes its money overall, but every now and then the possibility of a $1,000 payday becomes a reality and a day to remember.

6. SLOTS ARE FUN

That’s the bottom line on why so many people play slot machines. They’re fun to play.

All that creativity that goes into designing the many and varied bonus events has paid off in games that are fun to play as games, regardless of the wagering aspect.

The proof is in the millions who play free slot games for fun online in social casinos as well as the millions who play for cash in both online and offline casinos.

As with any casino games, it’s important to set betting limits you can afford and not take away from the needs of life. Slot money should come from an entertainment budget. That’s what they are – entertainment.

Have fun!

The one question I often get from casino players is this: “What is the Blackjack Ball?” Therefore, before I discuss what went down at the 2019 Ball, I’ll briefly summarize its history and content.

• Max Rubin is universally credited for implementing the Blackjack Ball. Rubin was a casino executive, an advantage player, and author of the popular book Comp City. He also had a vision for an event that would recognize and celebrate players, gaming mathematicians, gaming authors, and others who made the greatest contributions to the game of blackjack. His vision came to fruition when he held the first Blackjack Ball in 1997, and it has been an annual event ever since. 
• The Blackjack Ball consists of a dinner, a Calcutta (more about this shortly), voting for nominees into the Blackjack Hall of Fame, a 21-question test to determine the five finalists who compete in a skills competition on a blackjack table to determine the year’s  “World’s Greatest Blackjack Player” (and bragging rights). The gala also allows the unique group of professionals the opportunity to renew old acquaintances, make new ones, and exchange playing experiences.
• Only a highly select group of advantage players, including some of the world’s best (and most dangerous) active and retired players, as well as others who have contributed to the craft, are invited to the Ball.  There is a waiting list and each potential candidate must be approved by a committee of Blackjack Hall of Famers. (Note: If you accept the invitation and don’t show without canceling, the likelihood of receiving a future invitation is nil.)
• The Ball had been hosted solely by Max Rubin; however, beginning in 2017, Richard Munchkin began co-hosting. Munchkin is a long-time advantage player, co-host of the podcast “Gambling with an Edge,” and author of Gambling Wizards: Conversations with the World's Greatest Gamblers. (Besides being a professional gambler, he is also a writer, producer, and director of film and television.)
• The list of invitees has grown to about 100 attendees. Each guest receives an email invitation from Max or Richard shortly before the Ball that gives the date, time, and location of the event. The location of the Blackjack Ball is a closely guarded secret because if a casino employee were to discover its location and somehow infiltrate the event, it would make that employee’s career, while at the same time destroying the livelihood of many professional players in attendance. Security is also tight the evening of the event. Guests go through several screenings consisting of presenting a valid driver’s license to a security guard who confirms that the individual is on the official list of invitees, and then another screening at the entrance to the Ball. (In the invitation email for this year’s Ball, Munchkin wrote: “There are more than 50 players clamoring for one of the seats at the Ball; therefore, if you don’t RSVP by December 31, your chances will be somewhere south of zero of attending the 23rd soiree.”)
• Invited guests must bring a bottle of chilled premium champagne to the event to share with their colleagues. (Anyone bringing a “cheap” bottle of bubbly would be refused admittance and permanently removed from the invited guest list.) Beginning this year, each guest must also pony up $100 at the door, twenty bucks is used to “seed” the Calcutta pool, and the rest is used to pay for the Ball’s extraordinary operating expenses.
• The Blackjack Ball is sponsored by Barona Casino (San Diego). You might find it strange that a casino would sponsor an event for professional blackjack players.  The reason is that the players in attendance agree to never play blackjack in their casino for life, a very smart move on Barona’s part because all other casinos are fair game. (Additionally, Barona offers a “lifetime comp” consisting of free room, meals, and beverage to all inductees into the Blackjack Hall of Fame, as long as they agree to never play blackjack at Barona during the remaining days of their lives.) 
• The winner of the “World’s Greatest Blackjack Player” competition used to receive an engraved trophy (known as the Blackjack Cup). Several years ago, professional blackjack player James Grosjean beat his peers in the Blackjack Ball competition three out of four years, and took second place the other year. Because of his extraordinary feat, Rubin barred Grosjean from further competition; however, the Blackjack Ball Committee also acknowledged Grosjeans’s accomplishments by renaming the Blackjack Cup  the “Grosjean Cup.”  Beginning in 2016 another change was implemented. The Grosjean Cup became a Nebuchadnezzar, a 15-liter, three-foot-tall, engraved bottle of Luc Belaire rare Rose Champagne (equivalent to about 20 regular bottles of champagne; see photo), courtesy of Blackjack Hall of Famer Don Johnson.  Additionally, Richard Munchkin won the competition three times and was also banned from future competition. To honor Richard’s accomplishments, the second place winner in the competition receives a smaller engraved trophy known as the “Munchkin Award.”

2019 BLACKJACK BALL DETAILS

There were several changes made to the 2019 Ball, which included:

1. The invitation stated: Please no jeans, tennis shoes, or cargo shorts – the Ball is not formal but the dressier the better. (By my observation, more guys wore suits and sport jackets, and ladies had more formal attire than previous Balls. Good change!)
2. Instead of each guest’s paying $20 at the door, as mentioned above, each guest had to pay $100 in cash.
3. At the first screening, a guest in a car had to produce an ID corresponding to his/her name on the invited guest list. Guests “blackjack handle” were on the guest list when you entered the party, and anyone’s real name was kept anonymous.
4. During the Blackjack Ball test questions, attendees had to use only one answer card, and after the last question was announced, attendees, had exactly 30 seconds to turn in their card. (This new rule is known as the “John Chang” rule; see the reason for implementing this rule in the instructions to the test questions appearing at the end of this article.)
5. To help preserve the future of the Blackjack Ball, Dr. Edward Thorp (who was present at the Ball), graciously donated 15 boxes containing his collection of rare gambling books (along with personal letters that go with them).  Only a very small portion of his historical library was auctioned during this Ball. (Blind auction, meaning you submit your bid without knowing what anyone else bid.)  The collectable books included:
   1. The Weekend Gambler’s Handbook. Hard cover in pristine condition, written and published in 1963 by Dunes owner Major Riddle. Includes internal handwritten commentary by Dr. Thorp. Embossed as part of Dr. Thorp’s personal gambling library.
   2. Playing live Blackjack as a Business. Excellent first edition, hard cover, written by Lawrence Revere in 1971. Signed with message to Dr. Thorp. Includes written commentary disputing certain notions cited by Mr. Revere. Also includes original five-page letter written by Lance Humble, Ph.D., about Mr. Revere and Dr. Humble. An Irreplaceable gambling book without peer. Embossed as part of Dr. Thorp’s personal gambling library.
   3. Turning the Tables on Las Vegas. Perfect condition, first hard cover edition published by Ian Andersen in 1976. Includes message: “To my famous friend,” signed by Mr. Andersen. Embossed as part of Dr. Thorp’s personal gambling library.
   4. How to Win at CARDS (“21” & Poker), DICE, RACES, ROULETTE.  Used Paperback, written by Mike Goodman, legendary gambler and Casino Manager, published in 1963. Includes a full page of hand-written commentary by Dr. Thorp. Embossed as part of Dr. Thorp’s personal gambling library, the book’s back cover specifically states that he CHALLENGES anyone to use their system to take him on. He then says if they don’t have the guts to back up their systems with hard cash, then he specifically challenges such “experts” as Edward O. Thorp, Ph.D., John Scarne, and others to meet him face to face in public to debate any phase of gambling on which they claim to be authorities and finishes with, “How about it? Any takers?” A fascinating read for any student of the game.
   5. Professional Blackjack. Good condition hard cover originally published in 1975 by Stanford Wong.  Includes six original letters between Messrs. Wong and Thorp, along with internal commentary by Dr. Thorp regarding certain math “proofs” provided by Mr. Wong’s book. Embossed as part of Dr. Thorp’s personal gambling library, this is an ultra-exclusive, one-of-a-kind, collection of blackjack history.

Note: The money raised from the sale of Thorp’s library will be used to create and maintain a legal entity so that the Blackjack Ball and the Blackjack Hall of Fame will continue in perpetuity.

The evening’s festivities began with hors d’oeuvres and drinks (with plenty of champagne!), followed by a delicious buffet featuring carved prime rib, salmon, and lots more good eats courtesy of Barona Resort and Casino. 

(Note: According to Rubin, 13 members out of 26 Blackjack Hall of Famers attended this year’s Ball.)

At this year’s ball, the attendees got to vote on a slate of six nominees for induction into the Blackjack Hall of Fame. What follows is the process used to choose nominees for induction into the Hall of Fame (by Max Rubin).

“The living members of the Hall of the Fame sent names to me for suggested nominees, and all names were then discussed and voted upon. The six prospective nominees that received the most votes were then placed on the ballot. 

“Much to their consternation, this process has prevented several well-known but lesser accomplished “one trick ponies” that have written introductory-level books or excelled at running numbers from joining the mix of truly worthy candidates that have achieved the highest levels of success, either on the tables or through their contributions to the craft.” 

Summaries of each nominee’s accomplishments are below. All bona fide professional players at the Ball selected only one name on their ballot out of the six worthy candidates. (Hall of Famers not present sent their vote to Rubin; all Hall of Famers votes count triple.)

THE NOMINEES WERE:

CAT HULBERT

Cat was selected as one of BBC’s 100 Women of 2016 – an honor given to “high-profile women from the spheres of entertainment, sport, business and politics.” Chosen for being the first woman to break through the glass ceiling of professional blackjack in 1978, she played on the Czechoslovakian blackjack team in over 300 casinos worldwide. Cat’s aggressive play and fearlessness changed many opinions on the mathematical and emotional capabilities of women to bet it up under pressure.

Selected by Card Player Magazine in 1996 as one of the best and smartest card players in the world, she was one of only eight professional gamblers to be included in Richard Munchkin’s book, Gambling Wizards. Along with teaching a women’s-only poker class for many years at the Hollywood Park Casino, Cat also wrote Outplaying the Boys, a humorous book and guide for women, published in NYC in 2005, teaching ladies how to become more competitive in life and at the tables.

Cat was featured in LA’s The Daily Breeze and the Sunday LA Times for her top-notch card- playing abilities in blackjack and poker. Also a contestant on Blackjack’s Tournament of Champions, Cat has been a guest on numerous radio shows including NPR, Gambling with an Edge, and BBC’s The Conversation; often sought out due to her unusual successful life choices and her mission to change how women are viewed – by men and by themselves alike. On December 7, 2016, the BBC published a biographical article based on her remarkable exploits that claimed to have received a million reads the first day it appeared on their homepage.

MIKE MICHALEK

Mike was one of the earliest card counters to realize that there were opportunities in blackjack, beyond straight counting.  Credited by many for creating some of the earlier shuffle- and ace-tracking methods, he was one of the very few AP’s that could walk through a casino, see a game or procedure, and often design unique plays to exploit new opportunities “on the spot.”

When Mike's name comes up among those in the know, the word “creative” often begins that conversation.  As the brain behind many successful sports and blackjack projects, many famous advantage players relied on the lessons learned from Mike to accumulate massive bankrolls and mostly all of them attribute money they’ve made over the years to his influence. Renowned professional blackjack players including Tommy Hyland, Bill Benter, John Chang, Peter Wagner, Richard Dougherty, and many, many more often pay homage to Mike for taking their games to new heights.

Although Mike has been inactive for more than ten years due to serious health issues, some of his more clever blackjack “inventions” are still being used by talented AP’s across the globe to harvest money from casinos that continue to remain unfamiliar with the unique playing and betting techniques that he created decades ago.

RICHARD DOUGHERTY

Richard has long been one of the blackjack players casinos fear the most ... and most often. Casinos have sent out literally hundreds of flyers, bulletins, and alerts about Richard during his more than three decades as a blackjack “Road Warrior,” and yet he still marches on. 

Throughout his long, illustrious and (in)famous career, blackjack has been Richard’s virtually only source of income; no matter how many times the casinos back him off, assault him, and even go so far as to have him arrested for his legal activities, he never stops his relentless attack on their games.

Not only does Richard refuse to be intimidated by casino and surveillance personnel, he’s also “turned the tables” on casinos and extracted hefty scores via profitable lawsuits after suffering through illegal “back roomings” and outright beatings in front of the public on the casino floor on the Las Vegas Strip! As if that weren’t enough to put Richard in the casinos’ crosshairs, as a fearless and fun-loving casino prankster, he’s also pulled off a number of clever and legendary practical jokes that leave everyone (other than the casinos) laughing with glee.

ROB REITZEN

There are few, if any, players that have won more money in the history of blackjack than Rob Reitzen. From simple card counting, to shuffle tracking/sequencing, to bottom steering, to advanced computer play, Rob has beaten games in more innovative ways than most professional blackjack players even know to exist.

The founding partner of CORE, which went on to become the largest and most profitable player- banking operation in history, Rob was featured in an Esquire magazine article in which the  reporter followed him and watched him beat Caesars Palace in Las Vegas out of more than $500,000, while using a sequencing technique he dubbed “The Hammer” on a single weekend!

MARIA “THE GREEK”

Maria is the co-founder and one-time manager of “The Greeks” blackjack team. Having quit their day jobs as very successful New York attorneys, she, her brother, and highly respected colleagues formed the largest single group of players in history; at one time she simultaneously managed over 40 individual players. 

She recruited only the top talent, having the most notoriously difficult set of tests required to pass in order to get onto the team. Additionally, Maria’s team won countless millions utilizing a “slash and burn” technique in which BP’s would wade into the middle of a game, often betting 3 x $10,000. Needless to say, each BP didn’t last long, but the enormous bets resulted in some of the largest card counting wins in history. 

An extraordinary businessperson, she utilized her business acumen, extraordinarily high I.Q. (even among the best of the best), along with common sense to guide the most successful single card counting team this century.

Along with being a master at sequencing, tracking, and now a high- stakes poker professional, Maria is also the only woman to have ever won the coveted title of “World’s Greatest Blackjack Player” at the Blackjack Ball (even in the days when arm wrestling, chip shuffling, card tossing, and more were among the 11 events at the final table).

PAUL RYLANCE

Paul was an early pioneer regarding team play especially as it related to shoe-based 21. During the ’70s he implemented a professional and mathematically-based approach to bankroll sizing that involved running blackjack simulations.  He is possibly the first player to organize a team and attack the European casinos. Paul organized and managed the Czech team. His team was able to play simultaneously in multiple countries on multiple continents. All players including women were treated with integrity and respect. He organized and managed one of the largest 1979 Atlantic City teams and paired up with Ken Uston. This was written about by Uston in the book One Third of a Shoe. 

NEWEST INDUCTEE INTO BLACKJACK HALL OF FAME

Congratulations to Rob Reitzen for being voted by his peers into the prestigious Blackjack Hall of Fame. 

(Note: Reitzen garnered the most votes followed by Cat Hulbert (2nd), Maria “The Greek” (3rd), Mike Michalek and Richard Dougherty (tied for 4th), and Paul Rylance (6th). 

Reitzen now joins an illustrious group of blackjack luminaries in the Blackjack Hall of Fame. (You can view the physical Blackjack Hall of Fame at the Barona Resort and Casino, located in San Diego, CA.) The up-to-date listing of the members of the Blackjack Hall of Fame (and the year they were inducted) follows:

• Al Francesco (2002)
• Peter Griffin (2002)
• Tommy Hyland (2002)
• Arnold Snyder (2002)
• Edward O. Thorp (2002)
• Ken Uston (2002)
• Stanford Wong (2002)
• Max Rubin (2004)
• Keith Taft (2004)
• Julian Bruan (2005)
• Lawrence Revere (2005)
• John Chang (2006)
• James Grosjean (2006)
• Roger Baldwin, Wilbert Cantey, Herbert Maisel, and James McDermott, collectively known as the “Four Horsemen of Aberdeen” (2008)
• Richard Munchkin (2009)
• Darryl Purpose (2010)
• Zeljko Ranogajec (2011)
• Ian Andersen (2012)
• Robert Nersesian (2014)
• Don Schlesinger (2015)
• Bill Benter (2016) 
• Don Johnson (2017)
• Wally Simmons (2018)
• Rob Reitzen (2019)

CALCUTTA

Next on the agenda was the usual Calcutta, which is sort of a pari- mutuel wagering where the attendees can bet on who they think will win the coveted Grosjean Cup and title of “World’s Greatest Blackjack Player.” Below is the list of the seeds (THE PLAYERS) where attendees were slotted into an appropriate grouping.  The second column (BEST FINISH) shows the results for each seed in previous Balls. Max posted the opening odds of winning (on his overhead slide at the Ball) for each seed then started the bidding. (During the Calcutta, the bids ranged from a low of $600 for a particular seed up to a high of $3,500 for another.)

Bidding was lively amongst this group of advantage players. (The reason, of course, was due to the overlay created when we all chipped in $20 at the door to seed the pot. There was some serious money to be won in the Calcutta, and the group of advantage players knew it.) Max, of course, was the auctioneer, and he kept extolling the virtues of players in each seed to bump up the bidding, which was often fast and furious. (Note: The money collected from the highest bidder for each seed goes into a pool, and the prize money was disbursed to the persons who purchased the finalists finishing first, second, and third (win, place, and show), and 10% was awarded to the winning bidder for the fourth place finisher, in the competition for the “World’s Greatest Blackjack Player.”) Also, the attendees in each seed are allowed to purchase up to 50% of themselves from the highest bidder. 

The competition for the title (and bragging rights) as the “World’s Greatest Blackjack Player” consists of several rounds, the first being a challenging, 21-question, written test followed by a series of subsequent rounds conducted on a blackjack table that test the player’s card-counting skills.  

(Note: The written test includes a mix of questions on blackjack, gambling trivia, and general knowledge because, as Rubin puts it, “A world-class blackjack player should know lots of stuff because you never know when it might come in handy.”)

Below are instructions read by Rubin prior to reading the test questions.  Put on your thinking cap and try to answer them. 

BLACKJACK BALL 2019: ROUND ONE QUESTIONS

In order to eliminate opportunities for mischief, as always, as you fill out your game card, you must completely answer each true or false question or multiple choice question and fill in the blank before we move on to the next question. All answers must be marked with dark ink. You cannot change your answer once you have marked your card. If there are any blanks or changed answers when your graded-card is turned in, you will be disqualified. It’s happened before, right Anthony?  So be sure to complete every answer. One time only—with NO revisions.

Please write your name on your card now to make sure that your pens are working. If they aren’t, hold up your hand and we’ll bring you another one. 
Also, anyone who looks at their cell phones for any reason, other than to take an emergency call, in which case we will all wait until that emergency has been dealt with, will also be disqualified from play. You are allowed to use the back of your playing card to calculate your answers.   
One last thing…it’s a new rule in honor of advantage player extraordinaire John Chang, who cleverly used TWO GAME CARDS, wrote extensively on both then took over a minute to complete his “OFFICIAL” (and unblemished) card that took him to the top of the qualifier’s list. Nice try, but no thanks anymore.
So don’t get caught changing (with two cards), or you’ll be DQ’d. We’ll start collecting with John exactly 30 seconds after I’ve repeated the last question. Anyone who hasn’t completed his or her cards within those 30 seconds may be eliminated. 

MAKE SURE YOUR PENS WORK. READY? HERE WE GO. I’ll read each question twice. Ready? 

1. True or False? Edmond Hoyle was born in 1672, lived 96 years, and never wrote about poker, yet he is in the Poker Hall of Fame. 

2. For you Vegas history and golf buffs, which of these world famous hotel casinos NEVER had their own golf course adjacent to, or within a few hundred feet of, their hotel/casino?  This question does not include miniature golf courses.  
a.    Tropicana
b.    Dunes
c.    Aladdin
d.    Desert Inn
e.    Hacienda
f.    All of the above hotels/casinos once featured a golf course as part of their amenities.  

3. You’re betting $100 on the pass line with max odds of 3-4-5. You roll a number, take max odds, and then hit that number. How much did you get paid in total? 

4. True or False?  Although you can find them in almost every casino except Barona, and they even outnumber the number of full-pay 21 games, pitch or shoe, on the Las Vegas Strip, the Current Blackjack News now considers 6/5 as just another of many “carnival games,” and no longer even bothers to include them in its extensive list of blackjack games in U.S. and Canadian casinos.     

5. What team has won the most NCAA football titles? 
a)    Harvard
b)    Yale
c)    Notre Dame
d)    Ohio State
e)    Alabama
f)    None of the above

6. The former owner (Mr. Ricklis) of the Riviera Hotel and Casino recently passed at age 95. He had a beautiful, and sort of talented, wife who was a singer and actress. In 1981, she won the Golden Globe Award as “New Star of the Year,” for her role in the movie “Butterfly,” which Mr. Riklis personally financed.  She also “won” the “Razzy Award” for “Worst Actress of the Year” for the same film. Some claimed that Mr. R. gaffed the votes by hosting comped RFB press junkets for the Golden Globe voters at his hotel on the Strip. Name his multi-untalented wife, who has never stopped attempting to be a movie and recording star, and who still has regular performances at Piero’s (Italian Cuisine) on Convention Center Drive. (Mrs. Riklis does not count.) 

7. True or False? The Excalibur has dozens of live blackjack games. None of them pay 3/2 on blackjacks. 

8. This question comes from James Grosjean. Which of the following is NOT a legal way for a teenager to gamble in North America?
a)    Legally betting real money on bingo at the age of 16. 
b)    Horse betting over the internet at the age of 18.  
c)    Playing blackjack at certain casinos in Oklahoma at 18.
d)    Slugging down a cocktail while playing any game they like at the age of only 18 at the casino in Quebec. 
e)    All of these forms of teenage gambling are legal in North America right now.
f)    None of these specifically mentioned methods of teenage gambling legally exist in North America today.  
9. Donald Trump is the 45th American president. Express the number forty-five in roman numerals. 

10. True or False? This comes from the world of entertainment. Ms. Gladys Knight, who recently sang the Star Spangled Banner at the 2019 Super Bowl, began her professional career singing with the Pips in 1952.  

11. In a National Basketball Association game, with 0.2 seconds left, the ball is out-of-bounds in possession of the team trailing by 2 points. The inbounding player throws the ball directly at the basket … and the ball would indeed have gone in except one of the in-bounder’s teammates gently touches the ball when it is directly above the basket, 12 inches from going in. The teammate guides the ball into the basket. What happens?
a.    The inbounding team scores three points and wins the game.
b.    The inbounding team scores two points and sends the game into overtime.
c.    The inbounding team is guilty of offensive goal-tending, which causes them to lose possession and the game.
d.    0.2 seconds is not enough time for any of this to happen, so time runs out before any points are scored or there’s a change in possession. The inbounding team loses.

12. Dixie State University is located in one of the few states where there are still no legal blackjack games. Name that state. 

13.  True or False? According to the Nevada Gaming Abstract, Nevada’s statewide gaming revenue grew in 2018 and 2017. 

14. When a Major League team invokes the “Baseball Rule” in a court case, which of the following is possibly being argued?
a.    Throwing cups of beer at opposing pitchers warming up in the bull pen is okay so long as it’s less than three ounces of liquid, but throwing beer bottles is never allowed.
b.    If two fans are making out in the stands and a foul ball hits one or both of them, the teams are not liable. 
c.    Pete Rose is not allowed into the Hall of Fame until the commissioner says so.
d.    Team security officers are allowed to tackle male streakers but not female streakers.

15. Within three years, name the year that the first street in Las Vegas was paved. Hint: It was hot.  

16. True or False? MGM/Mirage is the only casino corporation included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. 

17. Not that he needs it, but we finally have a question where Zeljko, and any other Aussies present, have a home-court advantage:
“Waltzing Matilda” is the unofficial anthem of Australia. What is that song about?
a.    Dancing with a pretty girl.
b.    Dancing with an ugly girl.
c.    Training a kangaroo to box.
d.    Poaching an animal at a watering hole.
e.    Dancing with a man, but you’re a prospector and really lonely in the outback, so it doesn’t mean anything. Really.
f.    Skinny dipping in a Billabong.

18. Fill in the blank. Spell “Caesars Palace”—include any punctuation, if any. Remember, any crossing out disqualifies your test.  

19. True or False? On the front cover of the dust jacket of Dr. Ed Thorp’s first printing of Beat the Dealer (1962), it states that Dr. Thorp had developed—and I specifically quote—“a  scientific analysis of the world-wide game known variously as Black Jack (two separate words), Twenty One (two separate words), Vingt-et-un (three hyphenated words), Pontoon, or Van John.”  
20. Assuming that you’re playing blackjack basic strategy, the dealer stands on soft 17 with an infinite deck, which of the following hands gives you the greatest E.V.?   
a.    20 versus an A (after the dealer peeks).
b.    11 versus a 5. 
c.    A, A versus a 4.
d.    10, 9 versus an 8.  

21. Only in Las Vegas. Beginning in 1951, the U.S. government began having above ground nuclear tests visible to the public at the Nevada Test site some 65 miles northwest of downtown.  Vegas soon jumped on the bandwagon; named a Miss Atomic Bomb; and began hosting viewing events, both on the mountainsides with close up views of the entire bomb sites, and from observation parties held on the roofs of casinos, until the above-ground atomic explosions were finally stopped.      
Within two years, when did America stop blowing up nuclear warheads above the ground outside of Las Vegas?
2019 Tie Breaker

Everybody cut their cards. High card goes first. If two tie, they cut again until we establish the order. Line up. 
Tiebreaker: Name a casino that USED to be in the Las Vegas area, but isn’t here anymore. If a person misses, the next person must say a correct answer before that person is eliminated. If we run out of names, the balance of the contenders will then cut cards to advance to the final table. 
Note: You’ll find the answers to the test questions in part 2 of this article as well as a summary of the subsequent rounds in the competition for the World’s Greatest Player and who won the competition. 

Table of Contents

1. What Is Crapless Craps?
2. Crapless Craps: Pros and Cons
3. What Are the Rules of Crapless Craps?
4. Why the House Edge Is Higher
5. Crapless Craps vs Standard Craps
6. Is Crapless Craps Worth Playing?
7. Crapless Craps Odds and Payouts
8. How Odds Multipliers Change the House Edge
9. House Edge Comparison: Crapless vs Standard
10. Place Bets and Buy Bets Explained
11. Best Crapless Craps Strategy
12. Example: Pass Line with Odds
13. Example: Placing the 6
14. Crapless Craps FAQs
15. Final Analysis: Is Crapless Craps Worth It?

Crapless Craps: Rules, Odds, House Edge, and Strategy

Crapless Craps is a craps variant where you can’t lose a Pass Line bet on the come-out roll. The tradeoff is that 2, 3, 11, and 12 can become point numbers, which raises the house edge unless you use odds and focus on the best bets.

In this guide, you’ll learn how Crapless Craps works, how it compares to standard craps, and which bets offer the most value.

Key Takeaways for Crapless Craps

• In Crapless Craps, 2, 3, 11, and 12 become point numbers instead of automatic losses.
• Pass Line and Come bets carry a house edge of about 5.38%, compared with about 1.41% in standard craps.
• Place bets on 6 and 8 offer the lowest house edge at around 1.52% (with 7-to-6 payouts).
• Many casinos cap Crapless Craps odds at 5x; taking odds can reduce the combined edge to roughly 1.04% at 5x.

Crapless Craps (Never Ever Craps) looks safer because you avoid come-out losses. The catch: the “no early losses” rule shifts the cost into harder points, so Pass Line and Come bets are worse value than in standard craps.

What is Crapless Craps?

In Crapless Craps, every total except 7 can become a point. On the come-out roll, 2, 3, 11, and 12 become points you must repeat before a 7. It’s associated with Bob Stupak and was first dealt at his Vegas World casino in Las Vegas.

If this article interests you, keep reading. Alternatively, explore other topics like craps lay bet, roulette odds, and blackjack side bets.

Crapless Craps: Pros and Cons

• Pros
• No losing numbers on the come‑out roll
• Simple, beginner‑friendly flow
• Every number except 7 can become a point

Cons

• Higher house edge on Pass Line and Come bets
• Harder point numbers (2, 3, 11, 12) reduce long‑term value
• More volatility compared with standard craps

What are the rules of Crapless Craps?

• Come-out roll: A 7 wins the Pass Line. Any other number becomes the point.
• Point phase: Roll until the point repeats (win) or a 7 appears (loss).
• Come bets: Placed after a point is set; they follow the same structure.

Why is the house edge higher in Crapless Craps?

A 2 or 12 has one combination, while a 7 has six, and the Pass Line still pays even money. Those hard points push the long-term house edge for Pass Line and Come bets to about 5.38%.

Crapless Craps vs standard craps: what changes?

Standard craps has more come-out wins (7/11) and fewer difficult points. Crapless Craps removes come-out losses but turns 11 into a point and adds several hard points, increasing volatility.

Is Crapless Craps worth playing?

Standard craps is better value whether playing online or in a live casino. Crapless Craps works best when you take odds and focus on Place 6 and Place 8.

Crapless Craps odds and payouts: what are the true odds?

The table shows how often each point hits before a 7 and the true-odds payout.

How do odds multipliers change the house edge?

Odds bets pay true odds and carry no house edge. Most casinos limit Crapless Craps odds to 5x, which limits how low the combined edge can go (standard craps with 1x odds is usually lower).

House Edge Comparison: Crapless vs Standard

The table below compares the house edge for key bets in standard craps versus Crapless Craps.

What are place bets and buy bets in Crapless Craps?

Place bets win if your number appears before a 7. Crapless Craps often allows place-style bets on 2, 3, 11, and 12, but those numbers have higher house edges and swingier results. The table summarizes common payouts and house edges (payouts can vary by casino).

Buy bets pay true odds in exchange for a commission (vigorish). A 5% commission is standard, and many modern tables treat 2, 3, 11, and 12 as buy-style bets with the commission collected only on wins. Under “vig on win” rules, buying the 2 or 12 can have a house edge under 1% (around 0.7%).

Crapless Craps strategy: best bets and what to avoid

• Best value comes from:
• Place 6 and Place 8.
• Pass Line or Come with odds.
• Avoiding 2, 3, 11, and 12 as points or place bets unless you are buying them under favorable commission rules.

Example: Pass Line with odds on an 11 point

A $10 Pass Line bet is placed. The come-out roll is 11, so 11 becomes the point. You add $20 in odds. If 7 appears first, the total loss is $30. If 11 repeats before 7, the win is $10 on the line plus $60 from the odds.

Example: Placing the 6

A $12 Place bet on 6 wins $14 if 6 rolls before 7. The bet remains active unless removed. If 7 appears first, the $12 stake is lost.

Crapless Craps FAQs

What’s the difference between Crapless Craps and standard craps?

Crapless Craps turns 2, 3, 11, and 12 into point numbers and makes 7 the only come-out winner on the Pass Line.

Is Crapless Craps better for beginners?

It may feel easier because there are no early come-out losses, but the higher house edge can make it more expensive over time.

Why do casinos offer Crapless Craps?

Pass Line and Come bets usually have a higher house edge than standard craps, making the game more profitable for casinos.

What are the best bets in Crapless Craps?

Place 6 and Place 8 usually offer the strongest value. Pass Line and Come bets improve only when paired with odds.

Crapless Craps: Final Analysis for Players

Crapless Craps removes come-out losses, but the tradeoff is a higher house edge driven by hard point numbers.

For a more efficient approach, focus on Place 6 and Place 8 and use odds carefully on Pass Line or Come bets. Understanding these odds helps players make informed decisions at the table.

From Macau to Vegas Baccarat is by far the high rollers game of choice. Many Baccarat bettors tend to come from business backgrounds. As their hard work at the office ends they go from seeking out the best deals to playing a game that presents with the best odds for them to win. 

They leave behind their pinstripe suits and change into their gaming attire. They hit the Baccarat tables in the knowledge that this game has a low house edge AND eliminates the need to engage in a decision-making minefield as in the game of Blackjack where because of choice most hands will be in flux until the outcomes are settled.

I can understand how you might be a Blackjack fan and that’s fine, but in my opinion, Baccarat trumps all casino games in so many respects.

It feels great when we win playing casino games. And it feels a whole lot better when we’re able to hang on to those winnings in our account before we leave a game until we play other sessions on other days. Personally, I like watching my account balance increase more often than had I chosen to bet on those other casino games where too much decision making is involved. Knowing what game offers the true likelihood of winning comes with years of experience.  

Casinos win by relying on you losing through making the wrong decisions and when you over play; not leaving when you’re in profit.

A few months back I was watching some YouTube videos of a certain gambler betting online casino games. Sometimes he bet on slots, sometimes Roulette and Blackjack and least of all on Baccarat. He won a few big wins on slots but when he was losing he tried to up his balance by playing live Blackjack and Roulette. 

On those games he won sometimes but then would raise his stakes too often and risked way too much of his bankroll only to end up losing. Which are other mistakes casinos reply upon gamblers making.  

He returned to Baccarat and I noticed that on countless sessions (different videos) when he tried to double up or more to recover funds he’d lost on those other games, he succeeded more often betting on Baccarat than his attempts to double up or allow his initial wager to ride on the other two games. 

Want to know why?   

Well, as I’ve alluded to, it not only has to do with the low house edge of Baccarat, it’s because you have a clear-cut chance that your bet selection will win, (setting aside the house edge of Blackjack that seems the more favourable). When comparing Baccarat with Blackjack, there are other factors that come into play which render the advantages of betting on Baccarat over Blackjack, (for me anyway) a no brainer.

Before I highlight those advantages, I must conclude how the man on YouTube got on. Well not every well. He took his Baccarat winnings back to the games he didn’t do too well on. I left him a comment urging him to focus on Baccarat moreover since clearly, he had been winning more. He replied thanking me for my advice and wrote that he plans to do just that since he had noticed this too. But as the proverb goes, “You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make him drink.” 

He didn’t end up doing as I had suggested (as subsequent videos in the weeks that followed proved) even though he full well knew that Baccarat was for him, the best online game. I guess some people prefer to stick to certain games for certain reasons. Well, each to their own. 

 

 

But if you’re not that kind of a person and want to learn more about the strengths of Baccarat and the pitfalls of Blackjack then read on. I know there’re people reading this who’ll want to jump on the Baccarat gravy train by finding out why it trumps most if not all other casino games.

So firstly, let’s get right into the advantages of Baccarat versus those of Blackjack. And then I’ll address the key differences for both card games. I’ll include the odds in various respects where relevant to the points I’ll be making because after all, casino games are all about probabilities. 

1. In land-based casinos you can converse with other players. Though unlike Blackjack, outcomes in Baccarat can’t be altered since the cards are dealt in accordance to the drawing rules. (the best hand is 9: two nines or two of any other same numbers 0 to 9 results in a Tie) Baccarat is ideal for online betting because the future outcomes for both Banker and Player sides are dictated by the shuffled cards in a shoe. Baccarat is a less pressured game in that for each coup there’s only two decisions to make:

(a) Your ‘Bet Size’ AND (b) The side you’ll place your chips on: Player or Banker. When a Tie outcome occurs, your bet is returned. And the house edge on any tie bet is: 14.4% if you want to try your luck.

The payoff for a winning bet on the Player side is 1 to 1 (even money). And the payoff for a winning bet on the Banker side is 19 to 20 which is less due to the house deducting 5% house commission.

Based on an eight-deck shoe, the House Edge (with ties considered) on both sides are: 

Banker = 1.06% 
Player = 1.24%

And the probabilities of winning (excluding ties) are:

Banker = 50.68%
Player = 49.32%

Excluding ties, the true House Edge for both sides are:

Banker = 1.17%
Player = 1.36%

If you’re playing Punto 2000 a 5% deduction is not taken on a Banker win. When a winning Banker hand card total is #6 (or some casinos choose to use another number). The payoff is half or 50% of your wager. So, 1 to 2 instead of 1 to 1. (A $100 winning wager will return $150)

The House Edge on both Punto 2000 hands are:

Banker = 1.45%
Player = 1.23%

2. Blackjack can be a minefield because outcomes of each player’s hand are often determined by whether one or more players hits for one or more cards until they stand or bust. However, there are three safe zones, apart from the main desired outcome, that you beat the dealer’s hand, and these are:

(a) Your hand results in 21 made up of the first two cards (10 & Ace) ‘A natural’ thus you win a Blackjack. The payoff is 3 to 2 (unless the dealer also scores a blackjack; in this instance the following rule will apply). 

 

(b) The cards you stay with match a score the dealer ends up with, ‘stand-off’ thus your bet is returned. This range is from 17 to 21 (21 if made up of three or more cards) With a total of 16 or less the dealer must draw another card. But the dealer must stand on 17 or over. But can also draw additional cards in the instance where a ‘soft 17’ occurs. And being able to hit on a soft 17 effects the house edge. 

(c) The dealer busts thus whatever the total score of your stay hand you win. The payoff is even money.

The other possibilities are:

(d) You bust. (your hand exceeds 21)
(e) The score of the dealer’s hand beats your hand.
(f) The score of your hand beats the dealer’s hand. The payoff is even money.   

The probabilities of you winning or losing changes each time you or other players at the table decide to hit or stand, with the outcome of those decisions realised upon the conclusion of the dealer’s hand. 

Even though the aim of Blackjack is to beat the dealer, other players will have a bearing on this goal since there’re always players that deviate from basic Blackjack strategy that is designed to fulfil a winning objective. 

Splitting a pair is another major decision that can alter overall outcomes. Blackjack can be a frustrating game when you wished a player had taken or not taken card/s. Also, when you’re not allowed to split a pair of Aces effects the house edge. 

All casino games are exciting moreover when you stand to win or lose real money. But in my view, there’s more fear when playing Blackjack since the odds of a player winning or losing changes as decisions to take cards or stand are decided by you AND other players. 

It’s not always possible to go one-on-one up against the dealer especially online since seldom is it only you and the dealer. In land-based casinos during non-busy times (mornings) you can almost ensure one-on-one gaming sessions. 

Casino War is another casino game where players who open boxes can affect the outcomes of each hand. The only caveat on this game and Blackjack is player decisions CAN determine a dealer’s hand, the latter with more skill it can be argued. Therefore, it’s common for pro Blackjack players to potentially risk sacrificing certain hands if they believe such decisions will cause the dealer to go on to bust. It’s common for Blackjack bettors to bet on other boxes and collude with other players. This isn’t possible playing online. BUT… 

TIP: I met an American pro Blackjack player in a London casino restaurant, sat on a table next to mine, who, after he’d downed his top sirloin steak with a glass of Pinot Noir, told me he always opens two hands when playing Blackjack for the reason I gave above.  

There are many variants of Blackjack and each will have different odds and probabilities. Generally, factors such as: 

The number of decks being used / The number of cards remaining as cards are being dealt / Whether cards are constantly shuffled (to throw off card counters) / Not being able to double down on certain hands…Will alter the house edge and the probabilities of you winning, losing or drawing.

In the most common version of Blackjack the house edge ranges from 0.5% to 1% depending on the different rules and circumstances that can increase or decrease the house edge and thus can increase or reduce your probability of winning. However, the basic chances of you winning, losing or drawing are:

42.22% winning.
49.10% losing. 
8.48% drawing.

I started this article bigging up Baccarat over Blackjack despite the latter possessing a lower house edge. But as you’ve read with Blackjack, the probability of your hand winning is subject to change depending on a myriad of factors even after you’ve made decisions to hit or stand your own hand, assuming you haven’t bust your hand before the dealer might have ended up busting. 

I don’t like deviating probabilities that can influence the outcome of my wager because x, y or z possibilities occurred ‘after’ I placed my bet and ‘before’ the outcome is known which draws an additional random element into the game aside from the random nature of each game. For me Baccarat is by far the superior casino card game and the one truer to a 50:50 chance of winning leaving aside the Banker commission. 

Moreover, the house edge increases to almost 2% on Blackjack when one or more players make avoidable mistakes. Whereas in Baccarat you can omit your calculated decision by allowing the toss of a coin to decide for you (perfect for online betting) and stand a better chance of winning than had you tried your hardest to win at Blackjack only for circumstances outside of your control to then hinder your efforts. 

Our journey into addressing this topic should first begin with whether biased Roulette wheels are a myth or reality in 2019 and the probability of them being likely or unlikely to exist in the future.  

There are wildly reported instances in history where players have taken advantage of casinos that had unknowingly used biased wheels. However, examples of players winning big after having identified imbalanced wheels are rare these days. 

This doesn’t mean that biased Roulette wheels don’t exist today. I simply mean that casinos have upped their game, moreover since the turn of the 21st Century. They maintain the wheels using technology to avoid biases, metaphorically shouting out, to the savvy Roulette number cruncher, ‘come and make a financial killing.’ 

I should know for I’ve attempted to capitalise on what I’ve believed had been biased wheels on numerus occasions in the past and have had mixed results.

So, it’s clear that biased wheels are still a reality, since moreover, logically no one wheel is truly unbiased i.e. perfectly balanced and/or without any flaws. However, identifying a ‘true biased wheel’ and properly being able to take advantage of one is borderline myth these days. 

Nevertheless, let’s explore this further. The topic of biased Roulette wheels is vast, so I will condense my professional knowledge and experience of the subject entails in an easy to understand structure which will assist you consider some of the main important and worthwhile factors.  

THE WHEELS ARE MAINTAINED 

Firstly, most well-known and well-operated land-based and online casinos employ the services of anti-bias roulette wheel maintenance teams. Or in simple terms, they ensure that their wheels are balanced. Sometimes the tech staff are inhouse and attend to slots, card shufflers and other tech issues. The companies that manufacture wheels also provide ongoing, regular onsite engineer maintenance. It’s the same as when you buy a vehicle from a main dealer where you return it every so many miles for a service with the focus on the timing and performance of the engine to ensure it operates as it had been designed to. 

In land-based casinos I have witnessed these maintenance teams at work. Essentially their main task is to ensure the wheels are ‘evenly balanced’ so that they can eliminate inaccurate balancing. They get to work at quiet times, generally 6am to 9am. They analyse the data of the computerised software logger that is designed to register every Roulette result. Sophisticated diagnostic reporting can detect for drop zone bias and non-random results too. This is achieved using discreet in-built sensors and these sensors are also maintained. 

For a wheel to be considered unbiased, over many thousands of outcomes the stats will show that each individual pocket results with a ball landing in it within a range and that certain numbered pockets or areas of a wheel are not under or over performing too far out of this range to flag up anomalies. An average of six years’ worth of stats can be collected and stored on the software.   

LIKELY AND UNLIKELY CAUSES OF BIASED WHEELS

Aside from ensuring that the wheels are evenly weighted from the manufacturing process, and maintaining balance following setup and during ongoing use, this includes the static elements of the: bowl rim, upper and lower ball tracks and deflectors. These can wear out or become damaged in the following ways. 

Bowl rim: Players might lean on the bowl rim, though these days casinos prevent this with perspex screens. Yet we often witness dealers leaning on bowl rims. It’s unlikely that a bias will result since the structure of a wheel base is very sturdy. Any imbalance is easily identified and thereafter levelled following any table movement. 

Modern wheels use a ball track inclinometer which can detect unlevelled wheels. This is also true of the layout area of the table that the whole wheel is attached to or positioned within at the dealer area end of the table. 

Abnormal activity by players at a table can unlevel a wheel, yet this is unlikely to result in a wheel developing a prolonged bias since a relevel of the table and wheel base will rebalance any imbalance. Moreover, in online Roulette where the only players on tables are those placing bets from their phones, tablets, laptops etc, vibrations and movements are limited to dealer interaction on many of the wheels though some casinos do live stream to land-based casinos.

Ball tracks and deflectors: These can, and of course do wear out over time, but we’re talking many years, so that by the time they do, the wheel would have been replaced by any reputable casino. Moreover, even where a 20+ year old wheel -- that has been in almost daily service -- is still being used, the subtle changes in functionally of ball/parts relationship are unlikely to have a bearing on contributing to certain numbered pockets or areas of the wheel hitting more or hitting less enough to constitute a biased wheel. 

A ball rattle is when the upper ball track is wearing, and this may lead to certain drop points becoming poplar. However, since this isn’t strictly speaking the moving part of a wheel in and of itself, at whatever point a ball drops, it still must contend with deflectors, the cone and dividers and the back walls of pockets therefore it is at the stage of the fall into the inner wheel that a bias is more likely to reveal itself if at all. And as I wrote, biases in ball drop points can these days be detected by the data logger.    

Let’s turn to the wheel moving elements. When a wheel is rotating. The makeup of which includes: the spindle, upper and lower bearings, turret section, cone and wheel head containing the numbered pockets and metal frets (pocket dividers known as the separator ring). There are two main bias possibilities. 

1.    A bias resulting from mechanical functionality associated with the upper and/or lower bearing/s. A kink causing vibrations, wobbles due to material, production or mounting faults or age-related wear and tear or lubricant issues (insufficient, unsuitable or aged) solid or liquid contamination could cause one or more area/s of a wheel to result more often, just enough for a bias Roulette wheel hunter to gain an edge.

Observing a wheel close-up is almost impossible when playing Roulette online as the camera angles shown and length of time you get to analyse live play is limited. Also, the light and reflections mean you don’t get to notice any bearing issues. That said the task is still difficult in land-based casinos. You might notice a slight wobble as a wheel rotates, by focusing on the space between the metal edge of the wheel head and metal edge of the inner rim of the bowl. This gap is very, very narrow, but if you look closely -- since no one wheel is 100% perfect -- you’ll notice what I call, ‘the give’ point i.e. the point at which the wheel head has ‘timed itself into its rotational footprint.’ 

If you can identify a ‘give point,’ it is likely that the five numbered pockets each side of this point (thus 10 numbers in total) are giving way to gravity by a tiny fraction of a millimetre (or possibly more) and the deepest level only at that point. This means that a ball will in turn be marginally affected in relation to that tiny, tiny fraction since it possesses its own motion, drop/s, knock/s and bounce/s on its journey to settle in one of the pockets. 

In short, a narrowly biased wheel will not possess a strong enough influence to have a bearing on where a ball might end up landing. But it’s worth a try since the dividers around this area are likely to be the most damaged elements of the moving area on a wheel. Moreover, it’s possible that the bearing or wheel give point could have found its footprint because of dealer hand contact with the wheel when rotating over many thousands of spins. 

If a wheel is badly damaged, then as well as the give area, a dip will develop which overtime can become noticeable. In this instance the numbered pockets that corelate with this dip are well worth betting on. To try and observe a biased Roulette wheel in this respect, don’t focus on the ball, affix your eyes on one point of the inner bowl metal end where the wheel head metal edge rotates very close to it thus forming the tiny gap. And watch out for any noticeable dip movement moreover at the give point. A give and a dip could prove invaluable when you add to these the points I refer to below about the dividers.  

If you discover this area you have found a likely biased wheel. To conform your findings, you’d need to obtain the results of many thousands of outcomes and input the data into an excel spreadsheet. The information will inform you if that certain area of the wheel; those numbered pockets are occurring more than other areas of that wheel. (but do the wheel observation first and the data number outcome last) 

However, the problem is in spotting a wheel since any such an opportunity is going to be slim since the materials used in manufacturing modern wheels are high quality and the gap is a millimetre or less which gives the illusion that there isn’t a space when not paying attention and can alert a live casino of major bearing failure because a truly damaged bearing will cause the wheel to knock against the inner bowl rim.   

2.    A bias resulting from the dividers that separate pockets wearing. Aside from the ball forming subtle knocking patterns to the metal frets especially from balls made of harder materials, the most likely cause of a possible bias occurring is because of dealers rotating wheels by pulling or pushing pocket dividers to rotate a wheel clockwise or anticlockwise. The higher the frets, the more likely they will be subjected to wear and damage. And you know, some of the dealers have strong arms!

Goodluck with your search for biased wheels. Just a leaving tip for all you online Roulette players:

If you video record how a ball lands in pockets and in slow motion review these landings you might notice how they seem to avoid certain pockets and areas by bouncing away from dividers and pockets as if rejected. As well as notice how, a ball seems to run into pockets with less of a fuss or pure ease of motion as if welcomed by the dividers. This data can indicate a wheel divider bias. In my view the divider bias is a step towards cracking the opportunity of winning on a biased wheel.          

Standard video poker machines are called single-play because the player plays only one game at a time. However, single-play games are not the only type of video poker game available in a casino (or online). There are also games that play three, five, 10, 50 and even 100 hands at a time. 

These multiple hand games are called multiple-hand or multiple-play (or multi-hand / multi-play for short). There is nothing magical about how to play video poker multiple hand games.

HOW TO PLAY MULTI HAND VIDEO POKER GAMES

• Select number of hands you want to play (you don’t have to play the maximum number of games to get the best return).
• Select the bet per hands (always bet 5 so you don’t miss out on the royal flush bonus).
• Hit the Deal / Draw button.
• The base hand is dealt at the bottom of the screen.
• All the cards in the other hands remain face down.
• Select the card(s) you wish to hold (if any).
• These same cards in the same position will show face up in all hands being played.
• Hit the Deal / Draw button.
• Each of the hands being played will be filled by a separate deck of shuffled cards.
• Each winning hand at video poker will accrue credits as if it were a single hand game. If a royal flush is dealt in the base hand (and you select all five cards), each hand will collect the 4,000 credits.

With all casino-type games there are advantages and disadvantages. Multi-hand video poker is no different.

ADVANTAGES

• Multi-hand games are plentiful, easy to find.
• Pay tables for multi-hand games tend to match those for single play games. They are not generally reduced like progressive or other special feature games.
• There is no additional bet required to turn on a special feature. You bet based on the total number of lines played.
• One of the biggest advantages of multiple hand games is that the video poker strategy for playing them is exactly the same as when playing a single-play game. There is no need to memorize a separate playing strategy. Simply look for a multiple hand (multi-hand) game that matches the game type and pay table that you normally play and use the strategy you normally use as if you are playing a single-play game.

DISADVANTAGE

• The major (really the only) disadvantage to playing multiple hand video poker games is the variance is higher than for a single hand game. This means a larger bankroll is required for playing multi-hand games when playing the same total bet per hand(s). For example, a single-play quarter game requires $1.25 per hand at the maximum of five credits per hand. A five-play nickel game also requires $1.25 total per five lines of play at the maximum bet of five credits per hand.

 

The higher variance may seem counter intuitive to many video poker players. Conventional logic might seem to indicate that multiple hands should smooth the variance per game because several hands are played.

Let’s look at what really happens when playing a multi-hand game. 

• If you are dealt a good initial hand you can make a lot of money. Imagine your delight at being dealt four-of-a-kind, straight flush or even a royal flush.
• However, if you are dealt a poor hand, you stand to lose a lot of money. Over half of all hands in video poker end up being losers. 

Now let’s look at some specifics.

SINGLE PLAY GAMES

Variance is higher when more of the return is concentrated in fewer high paying hands. For example, 9/6 jacks or better (where a full house is paid at 9-for-1 and a flush is paid at 6-for-1) has only one very high paying hand – the royal flush. The variance on this game is 19.5. 

Bonus Poker is different than Jacks or Better. It pays a bonus for four aces (80-for-1 instead of 25-for-1) and four 2s, 3s or 4s (40-for-1). Payoffs for a full house and a flush are reduced to make up for the higher payoffs on the quads. The variance for 8/5 Bonus Poker is 20.9 – a seven percent increase over Jacks or Better. 

Double Bonus Poker increases the bonus on four aces to 160-for-1, the bonus on four 2s, 3s, or 4s to 80-for-1, and the bonus on 5s through kings to 50-for-1. The payoff for two pairs is reduced to 1-for-1 to compensate for the increased quad payoffs. By concentrating much more of the return in fewer, large payoffs for four-of-a-kind hands and reducing the return for the more frequent lower-paying hands, variance on Double Bonus Poker soars to nearly 28.3 – a 48 percent increase from Jacks or Better.

MULTI-HAND GAMES

The base variance of the particular game increases as the number of plays increase. 

The strength of each multiple-play game is determined by the initial five cards that are dealt. If it is a strong hand, each play based on that initial hand will be a strong hand. If it is a weak hand, each play based on it will be weak. For example, if the initial hand contains three 10s, the minimum each play will return is 3-for-1. If, however, the initial hand contains nothing and needs to be completely discarded, the chances for a positive outcome for this overall hand are greatly diminished.

Now let’s look at some specific games, number of plays and variances.

JACKS OR BETTER – FULL-PAY (9/6)

• Single-play variance: 19.5. 
• 3-play variance: 23.4 – a 20 percent increase. 
• 5-play variance: 27.4 – 40 percent greater than single-play. 
• 10-play variance: 37.2 – 90 percent greater than single-play.
• 50-play variance: 115.8 – 490 percent greater than single-play.
• 100-play variance: 214 – nearly 10 times the variance of the single-play version game.

BONUS POKER – (8/5)

• Single-play variance: 20.9.
• 3-play variance: 25.1. 
• 5-play variance: 29.4. 
• 10-play variance: 40.0.
• 50-play variance: 124.8.
• 100-play variance: 230.8.

DOUBLE BONUS POKER – (10/7)

• Single-play variance: 28.3.
• 3-play variance: 35.0. 
• 5-play variance: 41.8. 
• 10-play variance: 58.8.
• 50-play variance: 194.4.
• 100-play variance: 364.0.

Those variances can, indeed become extremely high. What do they mean to you, the average video poker player? 

The more knowledge you have about the game you are playing, the better prepared you are to enjoy the game. If you are planning to play multiple-play video poker you will need to bring a larger bankroll in order to play as long as could on a single-play game. Even on the relatively low variance Jacks or Better, the variance of the 100-play game is 10 times that of the single play game. This means that even if you were to play a lower denomination multiple-play version of the game you still may need a larger bankroll.

For example, if you normally play single-play Jacks or Better at the $1 level, it may seem logical that you could play 100-play Jacks or Better at the 1¢ level. After all, playing at the maximum coin-in the wager is five dollars on each total hand in either game. But, by looking at the increased variance for 100-play (10 times or more than that of single-play), it is easy to see that the same bankroll will not nearly be enough.

Keep in mind that variance can be good or bad. When riding the wave of positive variance, life is very good indeed. However, when wallowing in the pit of negative variance, life is very tough. It is always a good idea to make sure you have a large enough bankroll when you gamble. Keep your casino experiences enjoyable. Even though you do not have to learn a different strategy to play a multiple hand version of your favorite game, make sure you bring a large enough bankroll with you if you are planning to play multiple-play video poker.

Roulette is by far the most popular online casino game. And when you place your chips on a Roulette table betting layout you’re probably asking yourself, ‘Where is the ball going to land?’ 

But the question you really should be trying to work out is, ‘When is the ball likely to land in one of the numbered pockets you’re betting on?’ Because in my opinion, building a strategy around this likelihood is the key to winning at Roulette.  

Allow me to explain. 

• Most players bet on numbers before the ball has been spun because they’re trying to win using previous outcomes as a guide. They’re looking for a pattern and so bet in a way that if that pattern continues they’ll win. 
• Other players stick to the same set of numbers or
• Devise some other form of number picking System.

Whatever method you use to try and win, (And I’m going to suggest a System of my own at the end of this article) there’re a few important key points you should factor into your overall strategy. Implementing the advice, I’m going to refer to will set you apart from most Roulette players. 

Since Roulette is a random game of chance there are many that say winning depends on luck alone. So, I’ll address this point first.

LUCK

There’ll be times playing Roulette when you feel invincible, no matter the speed of the ball or the rotation speed of the wheel or the way the ball lands into one of the pockets, the outcomes will work out for you as if you were just meant to win. 

There will always be Roulette players that experience lucky days, but the problem with luck is it cannot be used as a method because you can never know when this form of luck will appear. 

If you sense you’re on a lucky streak you could take full advantage by increasing your wagers as you’re winning and of course up until your luck vanishes. Being lucky is making profits spin after spin or when there’re only a few losses in-between wins. During these times you could also maximise your profits by increasing your wagers following a few losing results. In this way you’re turning outcomes into wins because you’ve managed your bankroll positively during the dominant cluster of those wins you’ve encountered. 

But let’s be under no illusions about Roulette, for it’s not so much a game about mysterious luck alone, but a game about the method or System you’ll use and moreover all about ‘timing.’ 

If a method works well when you’re using it, you’ll be in luck. You’ve heard the expression, ‘you make your own luck.’ Making it work for you on Roulette games is not only possible but using the right method and managing the highs and lows (within the timing: number of losses before wins and vice versa) will result in you being lucky and winning more often. 

THE PLAYER’S EDGE

Does one exist? If so it would contradict the house edge that is firmly established in mathematics. It doesn’t seem possible that a player can have an edge. I mean, unless a Roulette wheel has a bias, or you can work out where a ball might land as it’s spinning and before the call ‘no more bets’ is announced, or you can know the future, overcoming the mathematical model of the house edge is simply impossible.    

But there’s winning and there is winning. For instance, you could cover all the numbers and watch as the dolly marker is placed on one of your chips. However, since there’s 37 pockets on a European Roulette wheel and the Straight up payout is 35 to 1, having secured your 1 chip wager on a winning number along with the 35 chips you would win (total =36) you’d be losing 1 chip.

Leave out 1 number, covering just 36 numbers and you’ll be breaking even if one of your numbers is the outcome. So clearly this is not profitable. If you leave out 2 or more numbers, you can work out that the risk to reward favours the house because when you lose just once you’ll need to win lots of outcomes to recover your losses.  

IF THERE’S A PLAYER’S EDGE WHAT IS IT?

Years of forming different Roulette Systems had given me this answer. Sure, some methods are better than others and I do have my favourites, but what all good Systems have in common is they go through regular winning and losing phases. 

If you adjust your betting in line with the highs and lows of the method you’re using, you’ll generate a money management edge that’ll be reflected in your bankroll. 

Correct application gives you ‘an edge over your losses’ thus saving you losing more which results in you holding onto more of your winnings. Preventing your bankroll from being reduced keeps you in the game which means you’ll have the chip power to increase your bets when winning clusters occur. 

THE FEWER THE NUMBERS YOU COVER THE BETTER
AND THE OPTIMUM NUMBER IS NINE

There are three reasons why. 

1. For a Roulette System to work, in my opinion it must be one where the numbers you pick go through ‘regular phases’ where wins and losses occur in clusters. If following a win there’re several losses in a row before the next win, increasing your wagers hoping to ride a streak of wins will fail and increasing your wagers (doubling down) expecting wins will also fail.
   
   Example 1: W/L Regular Phases occurring in clusters.
   
   W L W L L W W L W L L L W W L W W W L W L W L W L L
   
   In the above example both wins, and losses resulted 13x. Although both score an equal number of outcomes, they occur in clusters so increasing wagers following losses pays off because there’re few losses in a row. Likewise, increasing wagers following wins pays off since a win is never far away. 
   
   Even if I reduce the number of Wins you’ll still be profiting because you’re only covering 9x numbers. 
   
   Example 2: W/L Regular Phases occurring in clusters, but with fewer wins.
   
   L W L L L W W L W L L L W L W W L L W L L
   
   In the above example there are only 8x wins verses 13x losses. But there aren’t many losses in a row and so there’re still clusters of wins. Therefore, increasing wagers following losses and following wins will pay off because you’re only covering 9x numbers. So, you’re in a strong position and even if I were to reduce the wins further you’re still likely to secure profits.
    
2. Revert to covering more numbers and it follows that more wins are likely, however your profits will be reduced. Also covering more numbers means higher wagers for the times when you want to increase your bets, and this can lead to higher losses. Therefore, it’s important to stick to an average of covering 9x numbers. Depending on the System you’re using – and I’ll get to that shortly – it could be one or two numbers less or a few more. 9x numbers is a little under a quarter of a Roulette wheel. A Straight up pay-out gives you a 3 to 1 advantage. (35 plus your 1 stake = 36 less 9 = 27 i.e. 9 multiplied by 3 =27)
    
3. Covering almost a quarter of the wheel gives you an almost 1 in 4 chance of winning. And using a method where wins and losses appear in frequent clusters means you’ll be able to (within reason) predict the likelihood of when wins are due.

TIP: Stick to the same System so that you form order into the way you bet. It doesn’t matter if you use the same set of Roulette numbers or a different set from spin to spin, but by sticking to the same System you’ll be able to regulate when and when not to bet and by how much to bet each spin. When you stick to the same System you can note down wins and losses and these will give you a sense of when wins are likely and when they’re not. 

So, the next time you bet on Roulette think of two things; ‘Method’ and ‘Timing’. If you bet with these in mind, you’ll convert would be losses into wins with in the money you’ll save.

SAME TYPE & OPPERSIT TYPE REPEATING SYSTEM

I formed this System based on the layout of numbers on the Roulette wheel and betting layout and the frequency of appearances. It was one of the first Systems I created back in the 1990s. If you read my article, you’ll know why connections on the Roulette wheel are relevant when choosing a System to follow.

Each of the 1 to 36 numbers relate to three of the six outside betting options: HIGH/LOW, EVEN/ODD, RED/BLACK. For example, #1 relates to Low/Odd/Red. But you don’t bet on the outside even chances in this System.

The System works as follows. If #1 was the last outcome you would place 1x chip on each of the following Straight up numbers that belong to the same group as #1 they are: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 These numbers represent the DIRECT REPEAT of the SAME TYPE: (Low/Odd/Red).

Then you place 1x chip on each of the following numbers, 

20, 22, 24, 26, 28 These numbers represent a complete OPPOSITE of the group #1 falls into i.e. they are all High/Even/Black.

The theory is, a Same Type or Complete Opposite Repeat might be the next likely outcome because on a Roulette wheel they are spaced out so that when a ball returns to the same half of the wheel divided from the zero down, you have just under a 50% chance of realising a connection! 

There are eight groups of Same Type numbers on a Roulette betting layout and wheel. These are: 

1, 3, 5, 7, 9
2, 4, 6, 8, 10
11, 13, 15,17
12, 14, 16, 18
19, 21, 23, 25, 27
20, 22, 24, 26, 28
29, 31, 33, 35
30, 32, 34, 36 

Each group of Same Type numbers can be matched to Complete Opposite Types or vice versa as follows. 

1, 3, 5, 7, 9 / 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 = layout of 10x numbers
2, 4, 6, 8, 10 / 19, 21, 23, 25, 27 = layout of 10x numbers
11, 13, 15,17 / 30, 32, 34, 36 = layout of 8x numbers
12, 14, 16, 18 / 29, 31, 33, 35 = layout of 8x numbers

You will be betting on 8x or 10x numbers in total in each game. So, the average will be 9x numbers. As you can see, there’re four groups of four numbers, total = 16x and four groups of five numbers, total = 20x. 

16 plus 20 numbers = 36 divided by the 8 groups = 4.5. You’re only ever betting on two groups in each game, so 4.5 multiplied by 2 = 9.  

This is a good Roulette System because Wins and Losses occur in clusters and go through regular winning and losing phases. After 3x or max 4x losses in a row you could stop playing to ride out what could turn out to be an extended losing phase where one of the 8x to 10x numbers do not occur. This will save you losing more money and allow you time to analyse your Win/Loss notes.

When a same Type is followed by a Same Type outcome or 

Opposite Type followed by an Opposite Type or 

Same Type followed by an Opposite Type or 

An Opposite Type followed by a Same Type,

one of these connecting outcomes will be a trigger for you to begin betting again.     

I don’t recommend covering Zero because over the long run Zero outcomes have no bearing on the success of playing this Roulette System.  

There’s no perfect Roulette System since all Systems go through phases of wins and losses. But in choosing an average of 9x numbers as opposed to many more and betting in a structured way you’ll increase your chances of identifying when to bet and by how much to bet to try and maximise your profits and minimise your losses. 

The art of winning when playing Roulette is learning how to manage the ups and downs based on the advice I’ve given above. 

Login to your 888casino account and study Roulette game outcomes. You’ll see that such Same and Opposite Type patterns reoccur even though Roulette is a random game of chance.